翻訳と辞書 Words near each other ・ Cross-application scripting ・ Cross-battery assessment ・ Cross-beat ・ Cross-bedding ・ Cross-bolted bearing ・ Cross-border cooperation ・ Cross-border derby ・ Cross-border flag for Ireland ・ Cross-border injunction ・ Cross-border insolvency ・ Cross-border language ・ Cross-border leasing ・ Cross-border Mining Trail ・ Cross-border region ・ Cross-border town naming ・ Cross-boundary subsidy ・ Cross-browser ・ Cross-Canada Hit Parade ・ Cross-cap ・ Cross-Channel guns in the Second World War ・ Cross-check ・ Cross-checking ・ Cross-City Line ・ Cross-city route ・ Cross-class alliance ・ Cross-collateralization ・ Cross-community vote ・ Cross-conjugation ・ Cross-correlation ・ Cross-Correspondences Dictionary Lists mini英和辞書 mini和英辞書 Webster 1913 Latin-English FOLDOC Wikipedia English ウィキペディア

翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Cross-boundary subsidy ： ウィキペディア英語版 Cross-boundary subsidy Cross-boundary subsidies are caused by organisms or materials that cross or traverse habitat patch boundaries, subsidizing the resident populations. The transferred organisms and materials may provide additional predators, prey, or nutrients to resident species, which can affect community and food web structure. Cross-boundary subsidies of materials and organisms occur in landscapes composed of different habitat patch types, and so depend on characteristics of those patches and on the boundaries in between them. Human alteration of the landscape, primarily through fragmentation, has the potential to alter important cross-boundary subsidies to increasingly isolated habitat patches. Understanding how processes that occur outside of habitat patches can affect populations within them may be important to habitat management. ==Introduction and development of the concept== The concept of cross-boundary subsidies developed out of a merging of ideas from the studies of landscape ecology and food web ecology. The ideas from landscape ecology allow the study of population, community, and food web dynamics to incorporate spatial relationships between landscape elements into an understanding of such dynamics (Polis et al. 1997). Janzen (1986) first defined cross-boundary subsidies as a process whereby organisms that disperse from one patch into another impact resident organisms by providing increased food resources or opportunities for reproduction, thus serving as a subsidy to the residents. By this definition, only the cross-boundary movement of organisms is considered, but broader definitions of cross-boundary subsidies can also include materials such as nutrients and detritus (i.e. Marburg et al. 2006, Facelli and Pickett 1991). Cross-boundary subsidies are a subset of the more general process of spatial subsidies (see Polis et al. 1997). Cross-boundary subsidies acknowledge the presence and role of the boundary between different habitat patches in mediating flows of organisms and materials. In contrast, spatial subsidies require only that external inputs of materials and organisms originate from outside the patch of interest. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cross-boundary subsidy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.